Iris Publishers - Online Journal of Dentistry & Oral Health| Changes in Breathing Mode, Sensory Profile and Malocclusions in Infant Patients

 

Authored by  Leonardo CB Santos and Luciana BC Fontes,

Introduction

Respiratory problems have been a major challenge to global public health due to its high incidence and opportunity to impact the quality of life of affected individuals. Rising Earth surface temperatures, which often increase air pollution, bring the possibility of reduced lung function and the aggravation of breathing disorders. In addition, climate change leads to increased production of airborne allergens with increased asthmatic episodes, particularly among children and adolescents [1,2]. Regarding the influence of breathing on craniofacial morphology, there are several publications in the literature that have highlighted a relationship between nasal breathing mode and the normal pattern of craniofacial growth and development of teeth and occlusion. The researchers pointed out that, in the opposite condition, probable impairments would also occur in the body posture and in the sensory and cognitive performance of patients with mouth or oral breathing [3-5].
Children chronically breathing through the mouth may develop speech disorders, inadequate body posture, changes in the respiratory system, deformities of the face, and poor positioning of the teeth, leading to structural changes in the face, including lips, tongue, palate, and jaw, which will adapt to new breathing pattern. With this there is a buccolingual imbalance and consequently in the facial muscles, generating an important functional deficiency [6]. Despite evidence in the literature about the possible association between breathing mode and malocclusions, there is no further information on the frequency of respiratory problems among children attending dental school clinics, as well as the impact this condition in the oral processing of the individual concerned. The objective of the present study covers this investigation, highlighting whether there is a relationship between what is reported during the anamnesis, by those responsible, and what is found functionally.

Material and Methods

Cross-sectional study with descriptive and inferential data analysis. The study area included the Pediatric Outpatient Clinic of the University Hospital, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE) in Recife, the dental school-clinic of the same Higher Education Institution, the universe comprised all children assisted at the dental school clinic, in the first semester of 2019. As inclusion criteria, the sample included children from six to nine years old, with the history or record of some type of respiratory mode alteration in the anamnesis and in the mixed dentition phase, whose records included evaluations of Speech Therapy, Dentistry and Occupational Therapy. There was the exclusion of children, under speech therapy, otorhinolaryngology therapy or with the use of functional orthodontic or orthopedic appliances of the jaws. Also, those that presented some organic or neurological condition that made the communication or the functional assessment tests of the respiratory mode unfeasible.
The following study variables were age, gender, maternal level of education, presence and type of respiratory disorder, sleep problems, diagnosis of oral breathing, sensory profile, presence and classification of malocclusion. The assessment of the breathing mode was performed by otorhinolaryngology and speech pathology professionals, adopting the Protocol of Identification of Signs and Symptoms of Oral Breathing (PISSRO), according to the supplementary material, prepared by the Pathophysiology Research Group of the Stomatognathic System - GPPSE / UFPE, with information on breathing mode (with related signs and symptoms and nosologically diagnosis).
In the protocol cited above, the percentage distribution for functional diagnosis adds up to a total of responses and observations: less than 40% - no changes in breathing mode; 41% to 60%-mild oral breathing mode; from 61% to 80%-moderate breathing; above 80%-severe oral breathing. For the analysis of sensory processing, performed by an occupational therapist, the Sensory Profile Test 2 was used. This instrument captures information regarding sensory processing (auditory, visual, vestibular, tactile, multisensory and oral sensory), sensory modulation (tolerance and tone, related to body position and movement, movement modulation affecting alert level, sensory modulation affecting emotional responses, modulation of visual stimulus affecting emotional response and activity level) and emotional and behavioral responses (behavioral and emotional responses, behavioral results of sensory processing, items indicating response thresholds). The data from this analysis included the participation of mothers in the responses.
The record of the presence and types of sleep and respiratory alterations, as well as the presence and type of malocclusion existed from the data in each patient’s chart, establishing a new intraoral physical examination of these patients for occlusal evaluation [7]. This research respected the universal principles of bioethics and human rights. It was previously approved by the UFPE Ethics Committee. For data analysis, the Statistical Package for Social Sciences Software (SPSS - version 18) and Excel 2010 were used. The results are presented in table form, with their respective absolute and relative frequencies. To verify the existence of an association between oral breathing and the presence of malocclusion, Fisher’s Exact Test was adopted. The 95% confidence interval was adopted and only p values <0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Results

There was a survey of 208 medical records referring to child patients from six to nine years old, in attendance in the first half of 2019, for the dental school clinic in question. These included respiratory changes for 33 children, according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria; 17 were male (51.5%) and had a mean age of 8 (± 1.39) years. The average age of the mothers was 34 (± 8.92) years and complete high school education (75.8%).
Respiratory abnormalities were allergic in 14 children (42.4% with allergic rhinitis) and asthma in 12 (36.4%). Among the 33 patients in whom the type of respiratory disorder was discriminated, two (6.1% reported asthma and allergy). For seven children (21.2%) there was no specific cause. Regarding the classification of the child’s breathing mode as oral breathing, seven were in this perspective (21.2%). Six children had sleep problems (18.2%) and 12 (36.4%) had malocclusions. There was no record of sensory processing disorder.
The distribution of malocclusions was as follows, considering the Angle classification: five Class I, three Class II division 1 and one Class III. For the remaining four the type was not specified. Considering the registration of the other malocclusions: from the unilateral posterior crossbite records, two for the anterior open bite and two for the anterior crossbite. There was a record for bilateral posterior crossbite. Five children did not find the classification of malocclusion. Comparing the data obtained from the medical records with the respiratory mode assessments and the intraoral physical examinations of the patients, there were statistically significant differences p<0.05 in relation to the patients with oral breathing (all patients registered with respiratory alterations had this type of mode, either in the functional evaluation or in the evaluation made by the otolaryngologist).
Concerning the presence of malocclusions; these were found in 27 (81.8%) of the children assisted at the dental school in question after the intraoral physical examination, especially for Class I, Class II division 1, Class II, division II malocclusions and Class III. Also, for other types of malocclusions such as anterior open bite and unilateral posterior crossbite (Table 1). Although not included in the table, eight (24.4%) of the evaluated children had primary crowding in the region of the lower permanent incisors. There was a significant difference between medical records and data from intraoral physical examination (p <0.05). Among the children evaluated, 16 (48.5%) had sleep problems (Table 1).
Table 1: Distribution of malocclusions evaluated after intraoral physical examination of children assisted at a dental clinic.

Table 2 presents the distribution of children according to the presence and type of sensory alteration. According to their analysis, 32 (97%) of the children with RO had some kind of alteration in the sensory profile, the most frequent being oral sensitivity and changes in the child’s auditory processing and movement. When comparing patients’ oral sensitivity to other sensory changes, there was a significant association between exploration, sensitivity, observation, socio-emotional and attention (Table 2).
Table 2: Distribution of malocclusions evaluated after intraoral physical examination of children assisted at a dental clinic.

Discussion

One of the biggest challenges of the present study was the gathering of information in the dental records of the considered clinical school, due to information gaps. Clinical and functional examinations took place in only 33 assisted children. However, considering the differences observed between the recorded data and the clinical and functional exams, possibly changes in breathing mode may compromise a higher percentage of assisted children.
Dentistry students recognize the importance of completing the complete medical record8. However, during this research, some flaws in this sense were observed; especially after a new clinical and functional evaluation.
The dental record is a very important document for recording data of variables that guide the diagnosis and treatment plan. It has administrative, ethical, legal and legal aspects. Higher Education Institutions have a primary role in raising awareness of the need for complete and well-prepared dental documentation, with reinforcement in the training of future professionals [8].
Most orthodontists and functional orthopedists of the jaws form the diagnosis of breathing in the anamnesis phase, when one observes and/or questions about the harmful habits associated with a possibly altered breathing mode [9]. The early observation of the characteristics of the oral breathing mode performed by the dentist allows a diagnosis of sensory system disorders and malocclusions and also signals about possible behaviors or attitudes of the child when in the dental environment, which, it is usually full of stimuli for the human senses. The considered ideal breathing pattern can be replaced by the oral one, this functional adaptation can occur for organic and nonorganic causes (considered vicious). In organic breathing, there is nasal cavity obstruction due to chronic inflammation of the nasal mucosa, deviated septum, pharyngeal and / or palatine tonsil hypertrophy, polyps, tumors and others. Allergic rhinitis and increased adenoids and decreased or absent breastfeeding are still considered [3,10,11].
Among the studies consulted in the literature, most authors agree that the most common implications of RO are changes in the craniofacial and dental systems, the phono articulatory, body, behavioral and oral functions. [2-4,11]. However, it was also mentioned that the methods to verify this relationship are not yet satisfactory. The lack of sample representativeness, followup over time and protocols validated for this purpose represent a challenge to be overcome [12,13]. In the present study, it was found that almost all children with oral breathing had some kind of sensory processing disorder, which can have a number of implications for the development of the individual, particularly in this very unique phase. The presence of frequent tiredness, daytime sleepiness, prostration, nocturnal enuresis, reduced appetite, nutritional alterations, poor cerebral oxygenation, learning deficit and impairments in some sensory systems, such as olfactory, taste and hearing, may cause speech and developmental difficulties. are listed during the literature reviews on changes in breathing mode [10,12,14].
These changes in the Stomatognathic System (SS) and sensory integration could occur due to the organism adapting to the changes occurred by the new non-physiological breathing format, whether associated with organic, functional or neurological variables [7,10,14]. The oral breather patient does not respond correctly to external stimuli, with diminished or increased responses. Sensory processing plays an important role for the executive functions of the individual. Sensory integration is the neurological process that organizes the sensations of one’s own body and environment; modulates the information received by the senses (taste, smell, sight, hearing, touch, movement, gravity and body position). When there is a disorder in this processing, it begins to generate an altered, diminished, or increased response to any stimulus, with a major impact on the performance of executive functions (skills that control our thoughts, emotions, and actions), on the performance of everyday activities, consequently on the quality of life [10,14].
Among the types of alterations found in oral breathing children, in the current study, there was a higher frequency of changes in the processing of oral sensitivity, auditory perception and movement are closely related to the child’s behavior and the conduct of the dentist, during the dental appointment. The response of oral breather in manipulating the face, specifically its oral cavity, will depend on how the dental surgeon will approach the individual in order to familiarize him not only with the environment but also with the treatment itself and together with other professional, giving the necessary support and seeking understanding of the whole context in which the oral breather is inserted, from a morpho functional problem to the psychosocial impact on the life of this individual. The most frequent orofacial and postural characteristics in the oral breather include: elongated face, narrow nostrils, inadequate lip seal, lack of facial muscle tone, slanted or slanted eyes, dark circles, shoulder closure, spinal imbalance, small nose, hypotonic lips , dry, everted, narrow and deep palate, open mouth, atresic upper arch, Class II, malocclusions (facial asymmetry, open bite and posterior cross) and alterations in swallowing, suction and phonation [2,3,11-15].
Changes in sleep and malocclusions were considered here, and according to the data obtained for the latter, about one third of the children assisted had Angle Class II, anterior open bite and unilateral posterior crossbite. This result is similar to that of the study consulted for Angle Class II division 1; but without significant association with breathing mode or facial type [16]. Subsequent intervention with functional orthodontic and orthopedic features of the jaws was performed to treat installed malocclusions. The need for prevention and early (interceptive) treatment of oral breathing is reinforced to avoid the development of malocclusions or increased complexity, with the worsening of the conditions that are present from the perspective of a multidisciplinary approach [17]. This research emphasizes the importance of the integrated performance of Dentistry, with professionals of Speech Therapy, Occupational Medicine and Therapy, besides the approach of Psychology, in the search for comprehensive and humanized assistance to children with RO, reducing negative repercussions, not only in the orofacial complex, but in the approach to the global development of these individuals.

Conclusion

There was a small record of respiratory changes in the records of children assisted by dentistry; however, most of these had malocclusions and disorders in sensory processing with implications for oral sensitivity.
Of the twelve domains evaluated for the relationship between sensory alterations and oral processing, the exploration, sensitivity, observation, socio-emotional and attention domains present a more significant association with patients who have oral breathing, suggesting a relationship between oral breathing and sensory processing disorders of these individuals.

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